2010年1月31日 星期日

The Owl and the Pussycat- Edward Lear

"The Owl and the Pussycat" is a famous nonsense poem by Edward Lear, first published in 1871.
Lear wrote the poem for a young girl, Janet Symonds, the daughter of Lear's friend, the poet John Addington Symonds and his wife Catherine.
(Resource: Wikipedia, The Owl and the Pussycat, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Owl_and_the_Pussycat)
 
The Owl and the Pussycat
 by Edward Lear

I
The Owl and the Pussy-cat went to sea
In a beautiful pea green boat,
They took some honey, and plenty of money,
Wrapped up in a five pound note.
The Owl looked up to the stars above,
And sang to a small guitar,
'O lovely Pussy! O Pussy my love,
What a beautiful Pussy you are,
You are,
You are!
What a beautiful Pussy you are!'

II
Pussy said to the Owl, 'You elegant fowl!
How charmingly sweet you sing!
O let us be married! too long we have tarried:
But what shall we do for a ring?'
They sailed away, for a year and a day,
To the land where the Bong-tree grows
And there in a wood a Piggy-wig stood
With a ring at the end of his nose,
His nose,
His nose,
With a ring at the end of his nose.

III
'Dear pig, are you willing to sell for one shilling
Your ring?' Said the Piggy, 'I will.'
So they took it away, and were married next day
By the Turkey who lives on the hill.
They dined on mince, and slices of quince,
Which they ate with a runcible spoon;
And hand in hand, on the edge of the sand,
They danced by the light of the moon,
The moon,
The moon,
They danced by the light of the moon.

Jennifer Hudson- I AM CHANGING (Dreamgirls)


[Effie]
Look at me
Look at me

I am Changing
Trying every way I can
I am changing
I'll be better than I am
I'm trying
To find a way
to understand
but I need you
I need you
I need a hand

I am changing
Seeing everything so clear
I am changing
I'm gonna start right now right here
I'm hoping
To work it out and I know that I can

But I need you

I need a hand

All of my life
I been a fool
who said I could do it all alone
How many good friends have I already lost?
How many dark nights have I known?

Walking down that long road
there was nothing I could find
All these years of darkness
Can make a person blind

But now I can see

I am changing

Trying every way I can
I am changing
Ill be better than I Am

But i need a friend
to help me start
all over again

That will be just fine
I know its gonna work out this time
Cause this time I am

This time I am

I am Changing

Ill get my life together now
I am changing

Yes, I know how

Im gonna start again
Im gonna leave my past behind

Ill change my life
Ill make a vow
And nothings gonna stop
me
now

Dreamgirls- One Night Only


[Effie:] (Jennifer Hudson performed)
You want all my love and my devotion
You want my loving soul right on the line
I have no doubt that I could love you forever
The only trouble is, you really don't have the time
You've got one night only, one night only
That's all you have to spare
One night only, let's not pretend to care
One night only, one night only
Come on big baby come on
One night only, we only have 'til dawn
In the morning this feeling will be gone
It has no chance going on
Something so right has got no chance to live
So let's forget about chances, this one night I will give
[Announcer:]
Singing their new record sensation, Deena Jones and the Dreams
Deena and the Dreams: (Beyonce performed)
You want all my love and my devotion
You want my loving soul right on the line
I have no doubt that I could love you forever
The only trouble is, I really, really don't have the time
You've got one night only, one night only
That's all I have to spare
One night only, let's not pretend to care
One night only, one night only
Come on big baby come on
One night only, we only have 'til dawn (We only have 'til dawn)
In the morning this feeling will be gone (Be gone)
It has no chance going on
Something so right has got no chance to live
So let's forget about chances, it's one night I will give
One night only, one night only
Come on big baby come on
One night only, we only have 'til dawn (Nothing but one night)

提振社會公德心之我見

公德心是國民道德的具體表現,一個國家的強盛,社會的興替,端繫於國民公德心之有無。現代社會普遍存有偏頗的觀念,即是過份重視經濟建設的發展,以為經濟建設便足以帶動國家社會的進步,甚而認為在進步的過程中,社會公德心的敗壞和淪喪是必然的現象,不足以憂慮。殊不知,國人若缺乏公德心,則社會將隨之紊亂,紀律因而鬆弛,進而腐蝕了辛苦建設的成果。 國父說:「國者人之積,人者心之器,而一國事者,一群人之心理現象。」此一心裡現象即指公德心而言,足見公德心乃國力之基礎,社會之張本。
  公德心為國家社會興衰之關鍵。析而言之,就個人而言,公德心可提昇個人人格,建立良好的人際關係,塑造健全人格的好國民。就社會而言,足以建立祥逸和諧的社會,一旦群己關係確立,推己及人的精神便容易發揮,對社會自然會產生一份責任感,以忠恕之道,共同維繫社會倫理和秩序。就國家而言,若公德心發揮至極致,國家個人乃視為一體,國家之安危即個人之安危,形成國民共識,同心促進國家之繁榮發展。
  近數十年來,社會公德心之消沉不彰,雖不致痛心疾首之地步,但國民公德和經濟發展無法配合,造成畸形社會乃是眾所皆知的事。究其癥結所在,端在社會形態轉變之時,人心卻無法同調,無法即時適應的結果,便是造成社會失調。其次教育的偏頗亦是國民人格扭曲的禍首,現行教育汲汲於填鴨知識之灌輸,忽略道德倫理之培養,以至於基本的法制精神無法深植人心,更遑論公德心的發揮與提昇。緣此,為切中時弊,個人認為應落實左列四件要事:
一、發揮忠恕之道,建立群己關係
公德心之建立,須從私德做起。個人需先克己復禮,然後推己及人,發揮忠恕之道,己所不欲,勿施於人建立一公德尺寸。進而將個人與社會視為一體,就近取譬,將公德心之發揮蔚為風尚,提昇整體社會公德。
二、加強公民教育,培養健全人格
公民教育乃教育之主流,其目的是為培養健全理智、情感諧調之國民。人格健全且智慧理性的人民必能嚴以律己,寬以待人;情感豐沛、富同理心的公民必對社會存有一分關愛,不忍破壞。因此,只要我們能加強公民教育,以四育為內容,以青年守則為規範,相信在潛移默化中,社會公德亦飛軒而上。
三、鼓勵道德勇氣,維護社會正義
道德必須以勇氣作支柱,才能完全落實實踐。秉持對社會的責任感,激發出的保護欲望,即是道德勇氣。可惜國人大多受傳統性格影響,存有鄉愿作風,對於破壞法紀的行為,多選擇隱忍姑息,造成養癰貽患。只要國人適度拿出道德勇氣,以正視聽,以匡時弊,公德正義必可長存。
四、勵行法制精神,貫徹公權行使
法紀是社會的綱維,國人守法意識不足,缺乏社會責任感,亂象四起,紀律廢弛,公德心無處培養起,國家亦跟著沉淪。社會倫理之倡導必先從守法精神培養起,而政府更需率先為之,貫徹公權力之行使,維護國家法紀尊嚴,方足以收風行草偃之效。
公德心為國民實現道德倫理之具體表現和教育成果,為國家盛衰、社會興替之關鍵。一個經濟繁榮、社會進步的國家,絕不能停留在道德落後的階段,以上所提方法,可謂切弊針砭,只要我們有信心、有毅力,按部就班、循序漸進,必可提振公德。

資料來源:金庸,國文作文

意義型論文之文章架構

要點
1.        找出主題的真實意義,並從不同層次和角度,加以解釋與剖析。
2.        分點解說看法和說明作法。

第一段
標舉價值、提昇地位
開頭即直接斷論提之基本定義,秉持肯定的態度去詮釋其真理、原則之所在,強調其重要性和神聖性。

第二段
闡述主題、具體說明
1.        基本- 從主題之字面意思申論起,解釋其本質和特性。
2.        延伸-
l          比擬法:譬喻為生活中的萬事萬物。
l          聯想法:從類似之事物著手,再進而推論主題。
3.        立場和用詞要堅定,戮力辯說,維護主題的正義性,使人信服。

第三段
實例舉證,正理服人,引起共鳴
1.        方法-
l          歷史典故:宏大主旨。
l          人物事蹟:對照類比。
l          生活細節:補綴證明,引人發想。
l          社會現況:諷喻譎諫,激人自省。
2.        真實性- 論理冷靜、純摯、莊重、秉心,切勿流於宣洩一己之不滿情緒,或是向壁虛構而成的。

第四段
激勵共識,展望未來
1.        激勵:重申主旨之重要性和絕對性,籲人共同努力。
2.        展望:放眼未來,實現理想。

2010年1月30日 星期六

Annabel Lee by Edgar Allan Poe

"Annabel Lee" is the last complete poem composed by American author Edgar Allan Poe. Like many of Poe's poems, it explores the theme of the death of a beautiful woman. The narrator, who fell in love with Annabel Lee when they were young, has a love for her so strong that even angels are jealous. He retains his love for her even after her death. There has been debate over who, if anyone, was the inspiration for "Annabel Lee." Though many women have been suggested, Poe's wife Virginia Eliza Clemm Poe is one of the more credible candidates. Written in 1849, it was not published until shortly after Poe's death that same year.
(Resource: Annabel Lee- From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annabel_Lee)

Annabel Lee
by Edgar Allan Poe


(I made this video.)
It was many and many a year ago,
In a kingdom by the sea,
That a maiden there lived whom you may know
By the name of ANNABEL LEE;
And this maiden she lived with no other thought
Than to love and be loved by me.

I was a child and she was a child,
In this kingdom by the sea;
But we loved with a love that was more than love-
I and my Annabel Lee;
With a love that the winged seraphs of heaven
Coveted her and me.

And this was the reason that, long ago,
In this kingdom by the sea,
A wind blew out of a cloud, chilling
My beautiful Annabel Lee;
So that her highborn kinsman came
And bore her away from me,
To shut her up in a sepulchre
In this kingdom by the sea.

The angels, not half so happy in heaven,
Went envying her and me-
Yes!- that was the reason (as all men know,
In this kingdom by the sea)
That the wind came out of the cloud by night,
Chilling and killing my Annabel Lee.

But our love it was stronger by far than the love
Of those who were older than we-
Of many far wiser than we-
And neither the angels in heaven above,
Nor the demons down under the sea,
Can ever dissever my soul from the soul
Of the beautiful Annabel Lee.

For the moon never beams without bringing me dreams
Of the beautiful Annabel Lee;
And the stars never rise but I feel the bright eyes
Of the beautiful Annabel Lee;
And so, all the night-tide, I lie down by the side
Of my darling- my darling- my life and my bride,
In the sepulchre there by the sea,
In her tomb by the sounding sea.

Bedingfield, Daniel- If You're Not The One



(I more like the second video.)


If you're not the one, then why does my soul feel glad today?
If you're not the one, then why does my hand fit yours this way?
If you are not mine, then why does your heart return my call?
If you you are not mine, would I have the strength to stand at all?

I never know what the future brings
But I know you're here with me now
We'll make it through and I hope
You are the one I share my life with

I don't wanna run away but I can't take it, I don't understand
If I'm not made for you, then why does my heart tell me that I am?
Is there anyway that I can stay in your arms?

If I don't need you, then why am I crying on my bed?
If I don't need you, then why does your name resound in my head?
If you're not for me, then why does this distance name my life?
If you're not for me, then why do I dream of you as my wife?

I don't know why you're so far away
But I know that this much is true
We'll make it through and I hope
You are the one I share my life with

And I wish that you could be the one I die with
And I pray that you're the one I build my home with
I hope I love you all my life

I don't wanna run away but I can't take it, I don't understand
If I'm not made for you, then why does my heart tell me that I am?
Is there anyway that I can stay in your arms?

'Cause I miss your body and soul so strong
That it takes my breath away
And I breath you into my heart
And I pray for the strength to stand today

'Cause I love you whether it's wrong or right
And though I can't be with you tonight
And though my heart is by your side

I don't wanna run away but I can't take it, I don't understand
If I'm not made for you, then why does my heart tell me that I am?
Is there anyway that I can stay in your arms?

Beyoncé - Halo



Halo Live- Tribute to Michael Jackson

Remember those walls I built
Well, baby they're tumbling down
And they didn't even put up a fight
They didn't even make up a sound

I found a way to let you in
But I never really had a doubt
Standing in the light of your halo
I got my angel now

It's like I've been awakened
Every rule I had you breakin'
It's the risk that I'm takin'
I ain't never gonna shut you out

Everywhere I'm looking now
I'm surrounded by your embrace
Baby I can see your halo
You know you're my saving grace

You're everything I need and more
It's written all over your face
Baby I can feel your halo
Pray it won't fade away

I can feel your halo halo halo
I can see your halo halo halo
I can feel your halo halo halo
I can see your halo halo halo

Hit me like a ray of sun
Burning through my darkest night
You're the only one that I want
Think I'm addicted to your light

I swore I'd never fall again
But this don't even feel like falling
Gravity can't forget
To pull me back to the ground again

Feels like I've been awakened
Every rule I had you breakin'
The risk that I'm takin'
I'm never gonna shut you out

Everywhere I'm looking now
I'm surrounded by your embrace
Baby I can see your halo
You know you're my saving grace

You're everything I need and more
It's written all over your face
Baby I can feel your halo
Pray it won't fade away

I can feel your halo halo halo
I can see your halo halo halo
I can feel your halo halo halo
I can see your halo halo halo

I can feel your halo halo halo
I can see your halo halo halo
I can feel your halo halo halo
I can see your halo halo halo
Halo, halo

Everywhere I'm looking now
I'm surrounded by your embrace
Baby I can see your halo
You know you're my saving grace

You're everything I need and more
It's written all over your face
Baby I can feel your halo
Pray it won't fade away

I can feel your halo halo halo
I can see your halo halo halo
I can feel your halo halo halo
I can see your halo halo halo

I can feel your halo halo halo
I can see your halo halo halo
I can feel your halo halo halo
I can see your halo halo halo

Billie Holiday- Strange Fruit

Southern trees bear strange fruit,
Blood on the leaves and blood at the root,
Black bodies swinging in the southern breeze,
Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees.

Pastoral scene of the gallant south,
The bulging eyes and the twisted mouth,
Scent of magnolias, sweet and fresh,
Then the sudden smell of burning flesh.

Here is fruit for the crows to pluck,
For the rain to gather, for the wind to suck,
For the sun to rot, for the trees to drop,
Here is a strange and bitter crop.

Warning: 以下影片可能造成您的不適, 請斟酌自身情況觀賞。

維護公權力的重要性

公權力是國民與政府間,權利義務關係明確後的一種「執行力」,行使的目的,乃在維護社會大眾之權益。近來輿論多將公權力作狹義的界定,以為公權力只是政府權利在一般人民關係中行使,此意義若遭不當運用,易使人認為政府以公權力干涉人民自由,限制人民利益。影響所及,形成法律尊嚴不斷受到挑戰和破壞,政府的威信往往欲振乏力,且於國民利益受到侵害時,無法適時給予保護,甚至可能還有損害的發生。其實公權力是公家機關依法行事的權力,而法律乃社會秩序之綱維,公眾活動之準繩,其目的終歸在維護國民的利益,故公權力的行使,只是達到法律目標的工具而已。總言之,若要維護公眾利益,非貫徹公權力無以克奏膚功。
  公權力是政府執行法律的手段,而非目的。根據民主的原理,政府的權力是人民授權產生的。而人民之所以將權力授予政府,目的在使政府執行法律以維護國民的利益。社會結構轉變,經濟繁榮、工商發達之後,一般人往往求近利而忽遠圖,重現實而輕理想,於是近利遠德、是非不分、詐偽虛浮之風氣隨之而起。此時賴以保持公平、維護公道的,唯有法律而已。因為法律是社會共同遵守的標準,具有制裁的力量,而崇法之道,在於嚴格執法,不論其為公務員或是一般市井小民,應一視同仁,持平而論,貫徹執法,以養成法治的社會,樹立法律的權威。政府對於守法重紀的人民,不論其身份如何,一定尊重其自由,保障其安全;但對於貪贓枉法之徒,絕對依法辦理,不姑息,不放縱。一般人談到公權力,每每只以遏止違規和違法為著眼,但實際上,政府一切施政,最基本的目標皆在於維護國家社會的整體利益,謀求人民最大的福祉。政府公權力的發揮,遏制違規犯法只是其消極之面相,有更多的情況,旨在積極促進公益與消除公害。
  反之,在今日多元且複雜的社會中,若政府無法貫徹公權力,要談維護大義和提昇公益,其效果必然不彰。舉例來說,露天燃廢電纜會產生含有劇毒的「戴奧辛」,嚴重危害附近居民的健康,此時政府應即刻反權衡利益得失,採取多重防治措施以謀求「大利」,而所謂大利,為政策帶給部份人民的負效用和多數子民的正效用之加總,政府採用能達到最大社會正效用的措施,即是謀求全民最大福祉的最佳作法。暫停自國外進口廢電纜電線,或許會對少數業者不利,但為了公眾的健康與幸福,政府應當機立斷且堅定地行使公權力,使其不致繼續危害。試想若無政府的適時介入和迅速行動,居民雖明知受害,卻也無法有效且徹底地解決問題。
  至於公權力的行使,無論行政或審判,皆須以法律為基礎和依據。代表政府機關行使公權力的公務人員,若有違法失職,應依法追究責任或給與懲戒。因公務員違規犯紀而遭受損害的民眾,則可依法要求賠償。在行使公權力的過程中,公務員和民眾間應彼此互相尊重,人民不應對依法執行植物的公務人員作人身攻擊,更不容許以暴烈手段來違抗其執法,否則將構成犯罪。公權力既源自於國民公意的憲法與法律,作為國民一份子的個人,應盡其守法之義務,不應反抗公意,亦即不應反抗公權力。
  國民授予政府公權力以執行法律之用,因此凡是向法律挑戰,破壞社會秩序之情事,政府和公務員就應當徹底發揮公權力,以免辜負人民之囑託。五十年來,美麗寶島的許多變革與進步,有目共睹,但是新時代應有的新道德意識,新社會需要的新進步精神,恐怕仍未臻理想。社會大眾對於現代化的公民意識與法治精神實踐不力,如果權利義務、自由責任的相對意義無法被大眾正確接受,公權力的運作必然遭到嚴重影響,故終言之,政府必須建立有效的公信力和權威性,方能與時俱進,奠定行使公權力的堅實根基。

文章引用:國文作文,金庸

理由型論文之文章架構

簡要結構:起、正、反、合

第一段:起
1.      說明主題意義。
2.      說明問題的事實和真像。

第二段:正
1.        正面論述。
2.        正面舉證,包括事證、物證、人證、理證、語證。

第三段:反
1.        正面論述。
2.        正面舉證,包括事證、物證、人證、理證、語證。

第四段:合
1.        簡短說明作法
2.        重申主題的重要性,並給予勸勉。

不是我影響市容,是我很餓...

2010年1月29日 星期五

Hair- I Got Life


I got life, mother
I got laughs, sister
I got freedom, brother
I got good times, man

I got crazy ways, daughter
I got million-dollar charm, cousin
I got headaches and toothaches
And bad times too
Like you

I got my hair
I got my head
I got my brains
I got my ears
I got my eyes
I got my nose
I got my mouth
I got my teeth
I got my tongue
I got my chin
I got my neck
I got my tits
I got my heart
I got my soul
I got my back
I got my ass
I got my arms
I got my hands
I got my fingers
Got my legs
I got my feet
I got my toes
I got my liver
Got my blood

I got my guts (I got my guts)
I got my muscles (muscles)
I got life (life)
Life (life)
Life (life)
LIFE!

Jason Mraz (Feat. Colbie Caillat)- Lucky

Jason Mraz (Feat. Colbie Caillat)- Lucky
Album: We Sing, We Dance, We Steal Things

Do you hear me?
I'm talking to you
Across the water
Across the deep blue ocean
Under the open sky
Oh my, baby I'm trying

Boy I hear you in my dreams
I feel your whisper across the sea
I keep you with me in my heart
You make it easier when life gets hard

Lucky I'm in love with my best friend
Lucky to have been where I have been
Lucky to be coming home again
Ohhhohhhohhhohhohhohhhohh

They don't know how long it takes
Waiting for a love like this
Every time we say goodbye
I wish we had one more kiss
I'll wait for you, I promise you I will

Lucky I'm in love with my best friend
Lucky to have been where I have been
Lucky to be coming home again
Lucky we're in love in every way
Lucky to have stayed where we have stayed
Lucky to be coming home someday

And so I'm sailing through the sea
To an island where we'll meet
You'll hear the music fill the air
I'll put a flower in your hair

Though the breezes through the trees
Move so pretty, you're all I see
As the world keeps spinning round
You hold me right here right now

Lucky I'm in love with my best friend
Lucky to have been where I have been
Lucky to be coming home again
Lucky we're in love in every way
Lucky to have stayed where we have stayed
Lucky to be coming home someday 

第一類 正心

1.          人心貴乎光明潔淨。(北宋,程頤)
2.          內省不疚,故心泰。(清,曾國藩)
3.          心不細,則慮事不周;心不定,則臨事必怯。(民初,陶覺)
4.          哀莫大於心死。(戰國,莊子)
5.          不見可欲,使心不亂。(老子/道德經)
6.          君子以仁存心,以禮存心。(戰國,孟子)
7.          有德則樂,樂則能久。(左傳)
8.          人人知足,則天下有餘。人人安分,則天下無事。(明,呂坤)
9.          知足者,不以利自累也。(戰國,莊子)

如何改善社會風氣

  禮記禮運大同篇中所言:「人不獨親其親,不獨子其子,使老有所終,壯有所用,幼有所長,矜、寡、孤、獨、廢、疾者,皆有所養」的大同思想,正是固有道德中,發揮仁愛之心的最高表現。而今日之人,有錢寧願揮霍,但對慈善捐贈,卻往往是一毛不拔。傳統的美德何在呢?蔣公曾說:「中華民族,立己則盡分不渝,愛人則推己而不爭,義之所在,則當仁不讓,利之所在,則絲毫無私。」反觀今日,詐欺營私,人稱有本事;奉公守法,人道不合時宜,難道中國人的禮義廉恥之心,真是喪失殆盡了嗎?
  經濟社會的進步,資本主義的倡導,雖於人類文明上有著不小的貢獻,但同時卻也在不知不覺中,嚴重影響了我們原本善良淳樸之風氣,並為人們帶來和培養出不少的惡習。人民所學習的不是奮勉求知、刻苦自立的精神,取而代之的是奢靡荒佚、汲汲營營的的社會歪風。「恥不若人」的觀念已不復見,整日在紙醉金迷下生活的人們比比皆是。「不勞而獲」的念頭,常動搖民眾的意志力和向善心。犯罪行為與日俱增,明禮知恥的良好風範已不多見。殺人搶劫按接連發生,使得人心惶惶,公德心和仁愛心被眾人遺忘,「老安少懷」成為渺不可及之理想。迷失的民眾,總是對現實感到不滿,常懷有忿而不甘之心,享受權利卻不盡義務,從不捫心自問自己對國家盡過多少的力量。
「皮之不存,毛將焉附」之理,人人皆應理解和體會。改正歪風邪俗,實已到了刻不容緩之地步,茲分述己見如下:
一、生活合理化,響應節能減碳之政策,厲行勤儉樸實之生活,不過份奢侈糜爛,不盲目追求流行,保有純真之心,一切食、衣、住、行力求簡單樸素。
二、消除游手好閒、好逸惡勞之風氣,務必使人民以擁有正當職業為榮,以作為一個好國民為傲。
三、徹底消除特權行為和意識,人人在法律面前一律平等,每個國民都享有憲法保障的基本權利,有都必須對國家盡應有的義務,將特權想法從潛意識中完全去除,根除任何特權行為的發生,將社會風氣領向一個清潔祥和之境界。
四、政府政策不可朝令夕改,整頓措施要徹底執行,以贏得人民之信任和擁戴。明察秋毫,防微杜漸,弊端一經發現,務求徹底改過,免生後遺症。
五、加強教育功能,以收移風易俗、變化氣質之效,重新塑造出樸真善良的社會風氣。
國父說:「國家之亂,繫乎社會之隆污;社會之隆污,繫乎人心之振靡。」今日的台灣,雖然豐衣足食、生活安逸,但萬不可苟且偷安、樂不思蜀,而應居安思危,深切時代之所趨,務使人民行為合乎規範、社會民情正常合宜。改善社會風氣,必須付諸具體作為,唯有劍及履及、釜底抽薪、持之以恆,才能收到理想成效。人人抱著臨淵履薄,戰戰兢兢的心情,不分大小、黨派、種族或性別,宜改則改,宜革則革。只要大家淬礪不懈,必可圓滿達成改正歪風惡習,建立良好社會風氣之效,共同建立安和樂利的社會。

文章引用:國文作文,金庸

辦法型論文之文章架構

第一段
強調主題之重要性。
1.        談論主題正、反面:不可就單一面相大書特書,易失之偏頗。
2.        引經據典:首先可先做好文章的門面功夫,同時提昇文章之層次,並加強說服力。

第二段
舉實例陳述。
1.        依題意適切地鋪陳歷史典故、人物事蹟、焦點新聞、流行話題、環境弊病。
2.        簡短發表對此主題或實例之個人觀感,為第三段剖析事件之良窳作個簡潔之開端和伏筆。

第三段
分點論述、擬定辦法。
1.        首要專注在解決題旨之「主要問題」。
2.        分若干標題,針對題目惡窳之所在,井然有序地提出具體且可行之解決辦法。

第四段
同心努力、迎向希望。
1.        勸勉:承接上段之解決方案,做出一番呼籲和激勵之語。
2.        期許:畫出美好的未來藍圖,陳述對前景之憧憬和嚮往。
3.        展望未來,勿再反覆檢討省思而有重複前語之嫌。

2010年1月28日 星期四

AS(總供給曲線)

. 勞動市場和生產理論決定AS
1.          P,i,Y都是內生變數.
2.          勞動市場
l          NsNd都取决於實質工資率(W/P)
l          NsNd決定均衡就業量N*
3.          生產理論
l          MP遞減, 規模報酬固定
l          勞動市場的N*對應生產函數來決定Y*
4.          AS斜率
名目工資W愈具伸縮性, AS會愈陡.
伸縮到不能再伸縮(古典的W完全伸縮性)=>AS陡到不能再陡=>AS垂直

. 完整凱因斯
1.          特性
l          W向下僵固性
l          短期概念
l          有失業
2.          AS正斜率: P下降=>W不變=>W/P上升=>N減少=>Y減少
3.          P下降(物價上漲率下降), Y減少=>N減少, U上升=>短期PC負斜率
4.          短期W變動, AS整條線的移動
5.          AS: Y(P)ß因有失業, 故將W帶入Nd決定N*, 再將N*代入生產函數Y即可
6.          政策有效

. 古典學派
1.          特性
l          W完全伸縮性
l          長期概念
l          充分就業Nf=自然失業率Uf (摩擦性失業+結構性失業, 沒有循環性失業)
2.          AD垂直: P下降=>W同比例下降(貨幣中立性)=>W/P不變=>N不變Nf=>Y不變
3.          P下降(物價上漲率下降), Y不變=>N不變Nf, U不變Uf =>長期PC垂直
4.          長期W變動, AS線上點的移動
5.          AS: Y=YßNf代入生產函數Y求得Y*
6.          政策無效

. AS右移
1.          Ns下降
2.          生產力MP上升, Nd上升
l          K上升: 資本累積K增加=>生產曲線Y上移=>MP上升=>Nd上升
l          A上升: 技術A進步=>生產曲線Y上移=>MP上升=>Nd上升
3.          生產成本下降: 要素P下降或工資W下降等

. AS左移
造成停滯性通貨膨脹è短期的負斜率PC右移
1.          Ns上升
2.          生產力MP下降, Nd下降
l          K下降: 資本累積K減少=>生產曲線Y下移=>MP下降=>Nd下降
l          A下降: 技術A退步=>生產曲線Y下移=>MP下降=>Nd下降
3.          生產成本上升: 要素P上升或工資W上升等
4.          天災人禍
l          Ns上升:機器設備毀損
l          Nd下降:人員傷亡