bare-bones

(adj) the most important elements of something, which provide a structure to which more detail might be added later 極簡單的；基礎的

I don't need the long story, just give me your bare-bones account.

from scratch

(idiom) when you do something from the beginning 從頭做起；從頭開始

Irma didn't use a cake mix, she made the cake from scratch.

pragmatic

doing things in a practical and realistic way and not using only ideas 務實的；實用的

His pragmatic nature made him perfect for the management job since he liked to solve problems.

spearhead

(v) to lead an attack or series of actions 擔任先導；當先鋒；領導

Paul was asked to spearhead the greenhouse research project because agriculture was his college major.

precursor

(n) something which happens or exists before something else and influences its development

前導；先驅；前輩

A dramatic drop in sales was a precursor to the business closing.

字根 ful

full of 充滿；a.s.

cheerful
a. 快樂的（gay）；樂意的（willing）→ cheer v. 歡呼


fanciful
a. 想像的，夢想的（imaginative， imaginary）；奇怪的，奇特的
→ fancy n. 想像，幻想；a. 特製的


forgetful
a. 不留心的（heedless， negligent）→ forget v. 忘記


grateful
a. 感謝的（thankful）；受歡迎的（welcome）

hopeful
a. 懷希望的；抱樂觀的 ←→ hopeless a. 無希望的


mournful
a. 悲哀的；悲觀的 → mourn，v. 悲悼；憂傷


mouthful
a. 一口，滿口 → mouth n. 口，嘴


remorseful
a. 懊悔的；悔恨的 → remorse v. 懊悔；悔恨
→ remorseless a. 不知懊悔的；less，without


willful
a. 固執的（obstinate ， stubborn）；故意的

who / whose / which / what 開頭的疑問句

who / whose / which / what 開頭的疑問句

I.        疑問句用who / whose / which / what當主詞時

後面是接肯定句句型，而不是疑問句(倒裝)句型。

Who pays the bills?

誰付帳？（肯定動詞）

Whose/Which horse won?

誰的/哪匹馬贏了？（肯定動詞）

What happened? = What went wrong?

出了什麼事？/出了什麼毛病？

（肯定動詞，可能的回答如：We missed the train. 或 We had an accident）

II.      who / whose / what後面接be +名詞/人稱代詞 à 沒有which

此時是作動詞或介詞的受詞時，則當然仍舊用疑問句句型。

Who are you？

你是誰？

Whose is this？

這是誰的？

What is that noise？

那噪音是怎麼回事？

drop

drop  (v.)  掉落

-> 終止某事、停止做某事

-> 退出、與某人終止關係

• 終止某事、停止做某事 (口語常用)

Ex: Now drop what you are doing and listen to me closely!

Ex: Protests from across the country has forced the government to drop the plan of building a nuclear power plant.

Ex: Can you two drop the topic? You have been arguing over it for more than three hours!

• 退出、與某人終止關係 / 跟某人分手

Ex:  Katie dropped out of college because she had to make money and support her family.

Ex:  She dropped Kevin after she found he often flirts with other women.

終止某事，停止做某事

lay down 制定、謀殺、哄睡、放下、放棄

lay down 

lay 這個動詞有放下的意思，搭配介係詞 down 則變成有相當多種不同意思的動詞片語。 

• 制定：接法規、條文、規則

Miss Donaldson lay down the new rules for the class.

• 謀殺：用被動式

Johnson was laid down by the robber. 

• 哄睡

I will lay down the baby.

• 放下

Just lay down the cups on the table.

• 放棄、妥協

A: I think you should ease yourself.
B: Are you saying that I should lay down and let them walk all over me? (你是說我應該放棄就讓他們這樣對待我嗎？)

，

smell a rat 事有蹊蹺

smell a rat 事有蹊蹺

貓即使看不見老鼠，也可以聞出躲藏在暗處的老鼠。

沒有直接的證據或跡象，但憑直覺感到可疑。

Ex: I smelt a rat when Noah offered to sell me the car at a very low price, so I turned down his offer on the spot. Good thing that I'd made such a decision, as the car turned out to be stolen.

*  Good thing that I'd made such a decision 幸好我做了這決定
*  the car turned out to be stolen 原來是部贓車

fishy = suspicious
It seems fishy that all the services here are free of charge.
It is suspicious that he said he was at home at the time but actually he wasn't.

save for a rainy day 以備不時之需

save for a rainy day 以備不時之需

Ex: She has put a tidy sum of money aside for a rainy day.

*put aside = save

*tidy = quite


Ex;

Sunny: Sorry, I can't. I'm saving money these days, so I need to cut any unnecessary spending.
Amber: Come on, just a drink! Don't be so stingy.
Sunny: I have to. I am saving money for a rainy day. Since the unemployment rate is so high, I think everyone should do the same as I do in case one day they lost their jobs.
Amber: But I think otherwise. If all the people are cutting their spending as you do, all of us will lose our jobs eventually, since we neither buy things nor produce them. Just lend me the money then!

*otherwise = in a different way / or else / in other respects; apart from that

授與動詞

授與動詞用法 My uncle gave me a lot of comic books.

有些動詞，它們的後面不只接一個受詞，而是『兩個』受詞，如：give。

鍾老師　    給　    John　   一份很棒的禮物。 Mr. Chung   gave     John        a nice gift.

V.         O1              O2

Mary　 給　   她妹妹　     一本書。 Mary  gives      her sister        a book.

V.            O1                O2

* O1 = 被授予者，通常為人。

* O2 = 授予物，通常為物。

上述的兩個英文句，其實中、英文很像，所以不會有太大的困難。

但若將句子改寫成以下，則意思依然沒變：

鍾老師　　  把　  一份很棒的禮物　　 給　　 John。 Mr. Chung　 gave　　　 a nice gift 　　   to 　　John.

V.                    O2                Prep.       O1

Mary　  把　   一本書　  給　    她妹妹。 Mary   gives      a book        to       her sister.

V.       O2         Prep.       O1

常見且重要的授予動詞有：bring, buy, get, lend, send, show, sing, write

這些動詞的句型用法都一樣，但使用的介詞不盡相同。

to 與 for 是最常用的介系詞，其代表意義分別是：

l   to：表示「動作的方向」。將東西從一方拿給或傳給另一方的。

l   for：表示「為了」之意。

＊　重要的授予動詞片語：

TO:

1.          give 物 to 人：把「物」拿給「人」  （「物」從原所有人傳給另外一個人）

2.          bring 物 to 人：帶「物」給「人」   （「物」從一個人帶去給另外一個人） 

3.          lend 物 to 人：把「物」借給「人」

4.          send 物 to 人：把「物」拿給「人」

5.          show 物 to 人：秀「物」給「人」看

6.          sing 歌 to 人：唱「歌」給「人」聽   （「歌」從原唱者唱出給另外一個人聽）

7.          write 信 to 人：把「信」寄給「人」

FOR:

1.          bring 物 for 人：為了「人」而把「物」帶來

（「物」還帶在身邊沒拿給他；帶這個東西是為了某人而做 à這和上述的 to 的用法不同。）

2.          buy 物 for 人：為了「人」而買「物」
sing 歌 for 人：為了「人」而唱「歌」

（唱「歌」是為了另外一個人而做 à這和上述的 to 的用法有些不同。） 

3.          write 物 for 人：為了「人」而寫「物」

（寫「物」是為了另外一個人而做 à這和上述的 to 的用法有些不同。）

備註: 以上用法必須根據所要表達的意思與上下文而定，並不固定。

參考網址: http://210.240.55.2/~t311/moe/engb2/b2grammar/b2twoobject.htm

箴言/格言: dictum, maxim, proverbs, precept

箴言、格言、座右銘、智慧語、警語、戒律 ：dictum, maxim, proverbs, precept

= a terse, witty and instructive saying / statement of a principle


A good maxim is never out of season.
箴言傳千古

A brief statement of a principle.
箴言蘊含一原理的簡練語句

The storehouse of wisdom is stocked with proverbs.
箴言集成智慧

Precepts may lead, but examples draw.  導之以箴言，行之以榜樣
<=> Imitation is a globe of precepts.   群起效尤

，

Please don't spill the bean. 請保密

   請保密 / 請別讓他人知道 / 請勿洩漏 / 你知我知就好

   Please keep the secret.
= Please don't leak the secret.
= Please keep it between us.
= Please don't spill the bean.

sleep on it 好好考慮一下

sleep on it  謹慎考慮

This is not an easy request to grant. I have to sleep on it and I'll tell you my decision tomorrow.

I don't know if I can tell you the secret. I'd like to sleep on it.

Making Breakfast 做早餐

情境對話  - Making Breakfast 做早餐

Situation: Mary asks her daughter, Lily what she wants for breakfast, and then makes it for her.

Mary： Lily, what kind of cereal would you like?
Lily： What do we have?
Mary： We have cornflakes.
Lily： I'll have cornflakes.
Mary： How would you like your egg?
Mary： Scrambled, as usual?
Lily： No. I think I'll have a soft-boiled one, for a change.
Mary： Here you are. I hope it's not too hard.
Lily： It's just right. Pass me the salt shaker, please.
Mary： Here you are. Have some more toast.
Lily： No, thanks. I've already had two slices.
Mary： Would you like a cup of coffee?
Lily： No, thanks. I'm full.

*flake  薄片

*scramble  (v.) 攀爬, 爭搶, 倉促行動

*scrambled egg  美式用法, 指炒蛋

*for a change  換個口味

*salt shaker  鹽罐

*toast  吐司 [U]

*slice  (v./n.) 片


全文網址: http://www.liveabc.com/site/Online_Store/resource/essential_english/essential.asp

有關錢的用語

Money doesn't grow on trees 
財富得來不易要珍惜

Money can't buy happiness
錢非萬能

Feel like a million bucks.
感覺真是棒極了 (感覺狀況極佳時)
*buck = dollar【美俚語】

Give your two cents
發表意見

Grunt work
單調乏味的苦差事 【美口語】

cost, take, spend, pay 的用法

1.       cost

本意為「價值」

僅限用於「主詞」為「物」時：物、it虛主詞。

僅限用於「金錢」上。

過去式為 cost，過去分詞也是cost。

l   物品 + cost(s) + 人 + ＄.　
l   It + cost(s) + 人 + ＄ + to + 原形動詞.　

The book cost $150. （這本書價值 150 元。）

The book cost me $150. （這本書花了我 150 元。）

It cost me $150 to but the book.

2.      pay

本意為「付錢」

僅限用於「主詞」為「人」時

只能用於「金錢」上

過去式為 paid，過去分詞也是 paid

　　

l   人 + pay + ＄ + for + 物品.　　

I paid $150 for the book.（我花了 150 元買這本書。）

3.       spend

主詞只能是「人」

花費「時間」、「金錢」

其後若有第二個動詞，則只能用「動名詞」形式。

過去式為 spent，過去分詞也是 spent

　　 

l   人 + spend + 時間/ ＄ + V-ing.　

l   人 + spend + ＄ + on + 物品.　　

Jeff spent NT$830 on the big dictionary.

They spend some time on the new motorcycle every day.

Jeff spent NT$2000 writing his report.

Mike spends one hour cleaning his house every week.

4.       take

主詞有三種可能情形：it虛主詞、V-ing動名詞當主詞、人當主詞

用於花費「時間」

其後若有第二個動詞，則只能用「不定詞」形式。

過去式為 took，過去分詞是 taken

l        It + takes + 人 + 時間 + to + 原形動詞.

= V-ing + takes + 人 + 時間.　

l    人+ take + 時間 + to + 原形動詞.　

Mr. Lin took three hours to get home last night.

Getting home took Mr. Lin three hours last night.

蛋的英文用法

1. 蛋的種類
sunny side up                太陽蛋
well-done fried egg       全熟荷包蛋
scrambled egg              [美] 炒蛋
soft-boiled egg               蛋黃半熟的水煮蛋
hard-boiled egg              蛋黃全熟的水煮蛋
poached egg                   蛋殼打碎的水煮蛋


2. 慣用語

．sit on eggs (母雞)孵蛋 

．(as) full as an egg   塞得滿滿的【美‧俚】酩酊大醉
．egg sb on to an act [on to do] 煽動某人行動[做某事].  

．as sure as death = as sure as eggs    一定，必然，千真萬確 

．egg on (ones) face    (口語) 困窘; 丟臉 

    If you do that, you'll end up with egg on your face.你如果那樣做, 將會自取其唇

3. 諺語

．Dont put all your eggs in one basket. 【諺】 不要孤注一擲.
．Better an egg today than a hen tomorrow. 【諺】 今日之蛋勝過明日之雞(現利至上).

Wanted to Know How His Pig’s Doing

短篇英文故事

Wanted to Know How His Pig’s Doing



Two mayors made a bet on the outcome of the Vegetable Bowl, the annual football game between their high school teams. If Arvada’s team lost, the mayor of Arvada would send the mayor of Boulder ten pounds of sliced potatoes, ready for frying. If Boulder’s team lost, the mayor would send ten pounds of sliced tomatoes, ready for sandwiches or salads.



Unfortunately, before the game started, the mayor of Boulder overheard the Arvada mayor tell someone: “They grow the worst tomatoes. If they lose and send us their tomatoes, I’m going to give them all to my pig.” The mayor of Boulder was upset to hear this, because he thought Boulder’s tomatoes were the best in the state. So he gave the matter some thought.



The following week, the big game was played. Boulder lost its star quarterback in the first half when he tripped over a cheerleader and sprained his big toe. The quarterback glumly watched the rest of the game from the bench. His team ended up losing, 38 to 12. The two mayors shook hands after the game, and the Arvada mayor said, “I’m really looking forward to those tomatoes.” As the Boulder team left the stadium, some unhappy fans threw ripe tomatoes at them.



A week later, the mayor of Arvada received a package of beautifully sliced tomatoes. He took them straight to his pig, which gobbled them right up. That night the mayor of Boulder asked his wife if Arvada’s mayor had called. “No,” she said. “Why?” “Because I mixed a pint of hot sauce into the tomatoes and I wanted to know how his pig’s doing.”

right under sb's nose 就在眼前

right under sb's nose
某樣東西明明就在你眼前，你卻怎麼也看不見，直到別人提醒後你才發現。

The opportunity is right under your nose, you just need to seize it and the money is all yours.
No one dares to cheat in exams under Ms. White's nose, as we all know she never goes easy on students who cheat.

before sb's very eye =  right in front of sb's eyes   

某件事就發生在你面前、你可以清楚看到的意思。

Climate change is happening before our very eyes, and we must do something to prevent it from getting worse. 

.

債券價格與"市場"利率成反比

債券價格與利率成反比，利率走低債券價格上漲，利率走高債券價格下跌。

-->「債券價格與巿場利率成反比，巿場利率走低債券價格上漲，巿場利率走高債券價格下跌。」

有兩種不同的利率，一個是債券上所標示的票面利率，一個是巿場利率 ( 比如台灣銀行一年期定存利率或中央銀行的重貼現率)。

票面利率是不會變動的，債券一發行即固定下來。

巿場利率是隨時可能變動。

Ex: 有一政府公債票面利率年息為2.5%

目前的巿場利率 (例如是台銀一年期定存利率) 也正是年息2.5%，那麼這一政府公債目前的價格指標會剛好等於100（暫不考慮任何稅負問題）。

如果後來巿場利率上漲為年息3.0%，這時將錢存在台銀一年定存的報酬優於買公債一年的報酬，所以公債價格會下跌，理論上會跌到付給公債的購買價格的一年報酬率等於3.0%為止。

Excel: 99.51 =PV(3%, 1, -2.5, -100)  -> 價格下降

           3% =rate(1, -2.5, 99.51, -100) -> 跌到一年報酬率等於3.0%

相反的，如果巿場利率下跌至2.0%，這時將錢買公債一年的報酬會高於存定存的報酬，所以公債價格會上漲，漲到付給公債的一年報酬率等於2.0%為止。

全文網址: http://www.moneydj.com/kmdj/wiki/wikiviewer.aspx?keyid=972d3bc3-c397-4a8f-aa10-48ad667869e6#ixzz1pXJC9cLM 

MoneyDJ 財經知識庫

------------------------------------------------------------
債券價格之計算
　
－公式
　　現值(PV)公式 = FV / (1+r)t次方，FV 為未來值，r 為每期之利率，t為期
　　債券價格=每期利息收入之折算現值+到期本金之折算現值
　
－舉例說明1 

如果有人願意以$981,414元來買這債券，可以得到一方程式就是將未來現金收入的現值總和等於$981,414元。

981,414 = 25000 / (1+r)1次方 + 25000 / (1+r)2次方 + 25000 / (1+r)3次方+ (1000000+25000) / (1+r)1次方
符合這等式的r，就稱為殖利率。

利用EXCEL RATE函數可以快速得到 =RATE(4, 25000, -981414, 1000000)，答案就是3.00%。殖利率通常以年表示，所以必須乘以2得到年利率6%。
殖利率是說：如果在未來兩年，每半年我會收到25000的利息及期末的本金，那麼我支付$981,414去承接此債券的等值利率。 也可以這樣解釋：如果我們把$981,414元這筆錢拿去銀行以年利率6%來存的話，剛好可以於每半年支付利息25,000，而且足以到期後領回一百萬。 

(全文網址: http://www.masterhsiao.com.tw/BondYield/BondYield.htm)

－舉例說明2

甲公司債券面值$1000，息票利率8%，票券報酬率或折現率10%，債券期間五年，則該債券現值？ 

PV＝＝80×3.9927＋1000×0.7350＝$924.18.

利用EXCEL: =PV(10%, 5, -80, -1000) 可得相同答案.

轉身, 向前/後走, 流鼻水, 擤鼻涕

Turn around 轉身/掉頭

John turned around and talked to me.

John 轉過身來和我說話.

Turn about (行進中)轉向

You went in the wrong direction, please turn about and go that way.

你走錯方向了, 請轉個方向並走那條路.

Turn backward 向後走 (轉向並向後走)

A: Excuse me. Could you tell me how to get to the post office?

B: You've already passed it. You need to turn backward for two blocks and turn left.

A: 不好意思，可以告訴我怎麼去警察局嗎?

B: 你已經走過頭了. 你必須往回走兩條街再左轉.

Stand out 出列

Who was late for school this morning? Please stand out.

誰今早遲到了? 請出列.

Go forth 向前走

No matter how difficult it is, I will keep going forth with courage.

無論這有多困難, 我都會帶著勇氣向前邁進.

Runny nose, stuffy nose, and fever are all signs of flu.

流鼻水，鼻塞，和發燒都是流行性感冒的徵兆.

Wait a minute. Let me blow my nose, because I have a cold.

等我一下, 讓我擤個鼻涕, 因為我感冒了.

State Your Opinions 陳述意見

從直接到委婉依序為:

1.  I think... / I feel that...   我覺得

2. In my opinion / From my perspective / From my point of view...  依我看來

In my opinion, the only way to succeed is to come up with more innovative ideas to outshine other competitors.

3. It has come to my mind that if.... / I suppose if...   我想到如果.../我想如果...

It has come to my mind (that) if we could develop new system to improve the operating procedures, our work efficiency may be increased by several times.

4. According/Per to my/our understanding...   據我(們)了解

先引進對自己論點有利的事實或資料數據，再發表自己的論點 

According to our understanding, a lot of capital has been transferred from the currency market to the gold market, so it may be time for us to make some changes.

= It is my understanding that a lot of capital has been transferred from the currency market to the gold market. In this case, I think now it's time for us to make some changes.

call for

call for 為不可分開的動詞片語！

1. call for = demand / ask for    要求
    Larry: The editor calls for/ demands/ asks for a raise.
    Helge: Yeah, she wished.

2. call for = to collect someone / to pick up someone or something     接某人、物或是取物
    Carmen: The boss will call for/ collect/ pick up your response in the afternoon.
    Sean: My goodness, I haven't made the decision.

3. call for  大喊叫某人、呼喊某人。
    I called for Justin, but he didn't come.

4. call for = need / require    需要
    I planned to make cake this afternoon, the cake calls for/ needs/ requires milk.

所有代名詞

「所有代名詞」，有「所有格」的意思，且具有「代名詞」的功用：

單　　數	複　　數
mine（我的）	ours（我們的）
yours（你的）	yours（你們的）
his（他的）	theirs （他們的、她們的、它們的）
hers（她的）
its（它的）

基本原則：

所有格　＋　名詞　à 「所有格」後面一定要加名詞。

所有代名詞　＋　名詞　à 「所有代名詞」後面一定不可加名詞。